Diode Arrangement in the Circuit

Question: Discuss about the Diode Arrangement in the Circuit. Answer: 1. The diode arrangement in the circuit is to prevent the power supply from surging the oscillator. The resistors has been used as pullup resistors. The capacitors has been used for dc filtering. The opamp has been used as an amplifier. The power supply has been used to power up the circuit. The waveform has been included in the LT Spice files separately. It can be seen that there is a periodic motion in the output of the circuit, and hence, the oscillation. The oscillator can be used as a timer device, considering the periodic oscillation. The time period of oscillation can be used an s a unit for the time of the timer device. 2. [Comparison report can be done after hardware implementation in the lab] The oscillation developed on the simulation software, LT Spice, gives an output of almost perfect sine wave. On the other hand, the output from the hardware implementation of the circuit doesnt give a pure sine wave output. The output is little distorted. This happens due to hardware limitations, like loose connections, error in devices, faulty devices and components, error in measuring instruments, like oscilloscope in this case. 3. The circuit is a sine wave oscillator. The components used in the circuit are as follows: The resistors are used for pull up resistors, to prevent the circuit and as voltage dividers. The voltage dividers gives an advantage that the separate power source need not be used. The capacitors are used to protect the circuit and as DC filters. The transistor has been used to control the flow of the current in a single direction. The crystal oscillator has been used to provide the oscillation in the circuit. The output has been attached with the LT Spice file included separately. The advantage of a using a crystal oscillator is that the oscillation is more constant in nature, and has a fixed time period. The oscillations from opamp can be not trusted for a precise device. The crystal oscillator provides a precision. The oscillator circuit can be used for the oscillation in a microprocessor device. Microprocessors need a very precise oscillator in their working. Any deformation in the time period can corrupt the complete data set and the process microprocessor is working on. Hence, crystal oscillators are best for them. References Vittoz, E.A., Degrauwe, M.G. and Bitz, S., 1988. High-performance crystal oscillator circuits: theory and application. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 23(3), pp.774-783. Matthys, R.J., 1983. Crystal oscillator circuits. New York, Wiley-Interscience, 1983, 244 p., 1. Frerking, M., 2012. Crystal oscillator design and temperature compensation. Springer Science Business Media. Leeson, D.B., 1966. A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum. Proceedings of the IEEE, 54(2), pp.329-330. Rofougaran, A., Rael, J., Rofougaran, M. and Abidi, A., 1996, February. A 900 MHz CMOS LC-oscillator with quadrature outputs. In Solid-State Circuits Conference, 1996. Digest of Technical Papers. 42nd ISSCC., 1996 IEEE International (pp. 392-393). IEEE. Purcell, E.M. and Pound, R.V., 1951. A nuclear spin system at negative temperature. Physical Review, 81(2), p.279. Ramsey, N.F. and Pound, R.V., 1951. Nuclear audiofrequency spectroscopy by resonant heating of the nuclear spin system. Physical Review, 81(2), p.278.